Isaac Ibn Hunayn Ibadi Firm handle (Orvat Al-Vosqä) Mani Attainineing “the knowledge by presence” from Pre- cognitive mode of knowledge and from attributes Hārūn al-Rashid The Transfer of the caliphate to muawiyah and its Transformation into a hereditary monarchy How the Koran guides man? The branches of monotheism Shias' characteristics Banu Hashim